Posts Tagged ‘Dust Bowl’
“But man is a part of nature, and his war against nature is inevitably a war against himself.”*…
Nathan Gardels argues that health is not personal, but environmental…
If it weren’t for his dogmatic anti-science views on vaccines and pandemics, U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Robert Kennedy Jr.’s Make America Healthy Again movement would mark a transformative shift in our understanding of health care. At its core, MAHA grasps that placing the onus for being healthy solely on the individual in a sickening environment and a food supply chain contaminated by industrial chemicals is a misplaced responsibility.
How can we be healthy in a sick environment? That is the right question. But answering it entails not a rejection of scientific authority in the name of libertarian politics, but an embrace of science as the path to deeper discovery of how to heal the environment and mend a planet in distress, which are the affective conditions of human health.
This is a perspective laid out in Noema by Nils Gilman, Paul Kortba, Alex Marashian and others. “What if the most salient factors shaping health today lie not within the atomized individual or even their immediate social milieu, but in the fractured, volatile relationship between our species and the Earth system itself?” they ask.
For the authors, the science of salutogenesis, which focuses on the origins of health instead of the origins of disease (pathogenesis), should in our day and age be expanded to the planetary scale.
“Adding the idea of the planetary to salutogenesis isn’t just an effort to insert an ‘environmental’ layer into existing health models,” they write. “It requires a radical revision of how we understand what constitutes collective human health.
“Today’s dominant medical paradigm treats individual personal health as the primary object of concern and relegates the environment to the status of an external variable to be managed or mitigated. Planetary salutogenesis proposes a reversal: that planetary health is the fundamental condition, the enabling context, out of which durable human health, both individual and collective, emerges.”
In this, they follow the thinking of the philosopher Ivan Illich. In his book, “Medical Nemesis,” Illich spoke of “iatrogenic illness” — illness that results from mistreatment by a bureaucracy of physicians who abandoned the ancient idea of health as “balance” within the environment in which a person lived.
As he colorfully related to me in one conversation some years ago at his rustic compound in central Mexico, such a healthy balance could not be achieved by treating the person as a “detached immune system,” apart from their environment and the wholeness of their being, to be managed “from sperm to worm” by the “Brave New Biocracy” of modern medicine.
“An approach to health that is confined to the individual while ignoring this broader context,” the authors write in Noema, “is like carefully tending a wilting flower while ignoring the poisoned soil, acid rain and encroaching desert around it.”
Planetary salutogenesis explicitly acknowledges “the planetary scale of our interconnectedness and predicament. It reframes our approach to health and well-being by contrasting it with the assumptions of individual pathogenesis.”
“Human health,” the authors point out, “is inseparable from the planetary systems we inhabit and constitute. We are not self-contained biological units interacting with a passive external ‘environment.’ Rather, as biologist Scott Gilbert has described, we are holobionts in a vast, interconnected, living web that encompasses microbial, atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial ecosystems.
“Concepts like the ‘eco-holobiont’ capture this reality of the human organism itself as a complex ecosystem, intrinsically linked to and shaped by its surrounding ecological matrix. Our internal environments mirror our external ones. Soil influences the human gut; fresh air and sunshine impact our physiological functioning; biodiversity affects our immune system and mental health.”
What planetary salutogenesis means in practice is an emphasis on proactively supporting well-being instead of focusing entirely on eliminating disease. As such, it shifts our approach from treatment to prevention, emphasizing the need to confront upstream drivers of ill health — industrial agriculture, fossil fuel dependence, inequitable economic models and anthropocentric worldviews. It also understands that health is relational and emergent, arising from mutualistic, regenerative relationships between humans and the more-than-human world. In short, this perspective is eco-centric, recognizing we are embedded inhabitants in a biodiverse world.
Planetary salutogenesis shifts the focus from genome to exposome,highlighting the critical importance of the totality of environmental exposures (chemical, biological, social, physical) from conception onward — in shaping health trajectories. And finally, in practice this would mean abandoning an economic paradigm obsessed with perpetual growth in favor of an ecological economics that emphasizes the need for balance and recognizes biophysical limits.
These new understandings put personal lifestyle changes as the path to health in perspective. While they may retain ethical and symbolic importance, the authors note that “a planetary lens reveals that true leverage lies in transforming the macro-systems that drive the crisis: energy grids, industrial agriculture, transportation networks, financial markets and consumption patterns. It illuminates the actual scale at which resources — financial, technological, political, social, ecological — must be mobilized and demands met.”
The Make America Healthy Again movement has opened a path toward salutogenesis as a new direction for health care. But just as health care is more environmental than personal, so too is the health of nations a function of the health of the planetary system. Making the Planet Healthy Again is an objective that serves all living beings…
The future of health will be planetary or there will be no future health: “Make The Planet Healthy Again,” from @noemamag.com.
See also the article to which Gardels refers: “The Future Of Health On A Damaged Planet.”
And as a reminder (as if one was needed), what Gardels, Gilman, et al. are advocating is something very differerent from the program of RFK, Jr… whose fantastic (in the most literal of senses) enthusiasms are, as they are being pressed into policy, already having an impact…
* Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
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As we reframe for resiliance, we might recall that on this date in 1935 the Dust Bowl heat wave reached its peak, sending temperatures to 109 °F in Chicago and 104 °F in Milwaukee. While the period is mostly remembered for its dramatic dust storms and for the displacement of about 3.5 million people from the Plains states from 1930-40, it also had severe health consequences: increased hospitalization for respiratory disorders, increased infant and overall mortality, and increased incidence of measles. (Recent scientific studies have demonstrated that dust transmits measles virus, influenza virus, and coccidioides immitis, and that mortality in the United States increases following dust storms with 2-3-day lag periods.) There were also severe mental health consequences.
“Corporation: An ingenious device for obtaining profit without individual responsibility”*…
Take a look at any given corporation’s registration docs, and there’s a good shot you’ll see the address 1209 North Orange Street.
Spanning less than a city block in Wilmington, Delaware, this nondescript office building is the official incorporation address of 285k+ companies from all over the world.
On the surface, there’s no reason that Delaware — home to blue hens and Civil War monuments — should be a corporate paradise. It’s the second smallest state in America, and the 6th least populous, with just 986k residents.
Yet, nearly 1.5m businesses from all over the world are incorporated there, including 68% of all Fortune 500 firms. Among them:
In the early 19th century, every company had to be incorporated (legally established) in the state where they conducted business — and beholden to that state’s tax codes.
Post-Industrialization, huge firms like Standard Oil and the Whiskey Trust began to consolidate fractured markets. To combat this, many states set up laws aimed at regulating monopolies through heavy taxation.
But New Jersey saw an opportunity to cater to industry.
In 1891, the Garden State adopted an extremely generous corporate tax law that “would allow business to do as business pleases.” By incorporating there, a company based in another state could save big on taxes and enjoy perks like unlimited market expansion.
A flood of conglomerates took up this offer and New Jersey earned so much from taxes that it was able to pay off its entire state debt.
Pressured to incentivize businesses to stay, other states offered their own lenient corporate tax policies.
In this so-called “race to the bottom,” Delaware emerged victorious.
Adopted in 1899, the Delaware General Corporation Law “reduced restrictions upon corporate action to a minimum” and promised to maintain the most hospitable business enclave in the nation — a place where corporations could frolic in the open fields of capitalism, unencumbered by income tax, bureaucratic policing, and shareholder litigation.
In the ensuing decades, many other states (including New Jersey) reneged a bit on their corporate leniency.
But Delaware didn’t peel back.
Today, the state is still the incorporation zone of choice for corporations. The climate is so favorable that even international firms seek respite there.
What exactly makes Delaware so enticing?
Nearly 1.5m companies are incorporated in one of America’s smallest states; find out why at: “Why Delaware is the sexiest place in America to incorporate a company.”
* Ambrose Bierce, The Devil’s Dictionary
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As we peek behind the veil, we might recall that it was on this date in 1939 that John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath was published. The story of the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Fleeing the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out, with thousands of other “Okies,” for California, seeking jobs, land, dignity, and a future.
The date was timely: four years earlier– on “Black Sunday,” this date in 1935– one of the most devastating storms of the 1930s Dust Bowl era kicked up clouds of millions of tons of dirt and dust so dense and dark that some eyewitnesses believed the world was coming to an end.
The term “dust bowl” was reportedly coined by a reporter in the mid-1930s and referred to the plains of western Kansas, southeastern Colorado, the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma, and northeastern New Mexico. By the early 1930s, the grassy plains of this region had been over-plowed by farmers and overgrazed by cattle and sheep. The resulting soil erosion, combined with an eight-year drought which began in 1931, created a dire situation for farmers and ranchers. Crops and businesses failed and an increasing number of dust storms made people and animals sick. Many residents fled the region in search of work in other states such as California (as chronicled in books including John Steinbeck s The Grapes of Wrath), and those who remained behind struggled to support themselves…
source
“I will show you fear in a handful of dust”*…
More than 40 percent of the global population, more than 2 billion people, have a dust problem. Not “dust” meaning the grey puffs under the couch, but the dust of the Dust Bowl: microscopic soil particles, less than 0.05 millimeters across, so small that they get hoisted up into the wind and end up in people’s lungs.
We know that large amounts of dust are linked to premature death. However, climate change is expected to make the problem much worse in the next century, and scientists still don’t know how much. In the next century, the lethal range of dust is expected to proliferate. Between now and 2050, the many as 4 billion people, half the world’s population, are expected to live in drylands. It’s not because people are migrating there. Drylands are growing because of (you guessed it) climate change…
Dust is known to cause premature deaths, but climate change’s effect on how bad our dust problems will get remains notoriously understudied: “A global Dust Bowl is coming.”
* T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land
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As we do our best to go green, we might send grateful birthday greetings to Arthur Hinton “Art” Rosenfeld; he was born on this date in 1926. A physicist at U.C Berkeley, he was moved by the oil embargo of 1973 to turn his attention to energy conservation, founding and leading the Center for Building Science at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Over the next 37 years he developed new standards which helped improve energy efficiency in California and subsequently worldwide. His work helped lead to such breakthroughs as low-energy electric lights, such as compact fluorescent lamps, low-energy refrigerators, and windows that trap heat. In his fight against global warming, he saved Americans billions of dollars in electricity bills– and earned the nickname, “godfather of energy efficiency.”
Rosenfeld receiving the 2011 Medal for Technology and Innovation from President Obama
“We are but dust and shadow”*…
On the 14th day of April of 1935,
There struck the worst of dust storms that ever filled the sky.
You could see that dust storm comin’, the cloud looked deathlike black,
And through our mighty nation, it left a dreadful track.
From Oklahoma City to the Arizona line,
Dakota and Nebraska to the lazy Rio Grande,
It fell across our city like a curtain of black rolled down,
We thought it was our judgement, we thought it was our doom.
— Woodie Guthrie, ‘Great Dust Storm’
March had seen ‘dusters’ every day for thirty days straight; in Dodge City, Kansas, there’d been only thirteen dust-free days so far that year.
Yet on that second Sunday in April, the morning dawned bright, sunny and clear. In the farms of the Oklahoma Panhandle, families opened up their front doors and breathed in deep. It was Palm Sunday, a week before Easter, and people hoped God was in a forgiving mood.
They opened up their homes, and started to clean. Wet sheets and blankets and gunnysacks put up to catch the dust could be taken down; the tape and flour-paste strips sealing up windows and doors peeled off, and windows thrown open wide. Dust got swept and scooped out of the home by the bucket-load; roofs were shovelled before they collapsed under the weight of it; bedlinen and towels and clothing washed, and hung up in the sun to dry. People went to church – the Methodist Church in Guymon, Oklahoma held a ‘rain service’, the congregation praying for divine intervention to bring much-needed moisture. In Boise City they resumed plans for a rabbit drive, delayed a month by the dust storms. Elsewhere, families walked out to inspect their farms, the outhouses buried, the ceilings fallen in, new dunes nine and ten feet high, piled up against the fences.
It was the best day of the year so far, temperatures in the 80s – shirtsleeve weather. In Springfield, Colorado, Ike Osteen cleared out his Model-A Ford, filed down the burnt spots on the distributor, got the engine to fire, and drove out to pick up his friends Tex and Pearl Glover.
That same morning the sky turned purple and the winds rose, eight hundred miles to the north near Bismark, North Dakota. The temperature dropped 30 degrees as the winds picked up and blew south and south-southwest, forty miles per hour then sixty five miles per hour over South Dakota, Nebraska, and into Kansas, picking up the dry, dry dirt from the exhausted land into a roiling mass of darkness 2,000 feet high. At 2.30pm, Dodge City blacked out, the air too choked with earth for car headlights to let you even see your hand in front of your face.
The stormfront rolled on southward, picking up more dust and dirt and power as it went…
More at “Black Sunday,” an entry at Disturbances, a fascinating newsletter by Jay Owens (@hautepop) devoted entirely to dust.
For even more, watch Ken Burn’s The Dust Bowl, and/or read the accompanying book.
* Horace
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As we cover our faces, we might recall that it was on this date in 1962 that “The Ash Wednesday Storm” hit the the east coast of the U.S. Also known as the Great March Storm of 1962, it was one of the most destructive storms ever to affect the mid-Atlantic states– one of the ten worst storms in the United States in the 20th century. It lingered through five high tides over a three-day period, killing 40 people, injuring over 1,000, and causing hundreds of millions in property damage in six states, from North Carolina to Maine, and deposited significant snowfall over the Southeast.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photo of damage at Virginia Beach, Virginia
“The future of the nations will depend on the manner of how they feed themselves”*…
click here (and again) for larger (and legible) version
This map, compiled and published by meat-packing company Armour in 1922, illustrates the extraordinary range of agricultural activities in America at the time. The broad message of the map is that America’s strength as a nation was substantially based on its strength as an agricultural power. The huge expanse of American land and the vast number of climates across the country allowed the U.S. to grow a more diverse set of crops and raise more kinds of animals than other nations. As Armour concludes, “the United States [was] the most self-sustaining nation in the world”… but lots has changed in the near-century since then.
How nations feed themselves has gotten a lot more complicated. That’s particularly true in the US, where food insecurity coexists with an obesity crisis, where fast food is everywhere and farmer’s markets are spreading, where foodies have never had more power and McDonald’s has never had more locations, and where the possibility of a barbecue-based civil war is always near…
* French epicurean Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, 1826
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As we pick a peck, we might send tuneful birthday wishes to Woodrow Wilson “Woody” Guthrie; he was born on this date in 1912. Guthrie traveled with migrant workers from Oklahoma to California and learned their traditional folk and blues songs. Many of his own songs are about his experiences in the Dust Bowl era of the Great Depression– and earned him the nickname, “Dust Bowl Troubadour.”
‘This Land is Your Land (in D)’By Woody Guthrie
CHORUS: This land is your land, this land is my land
From California to the New York island
From the Redwood forest to the Gulf Stream waters
This land was made for you and meCANADIAN CHORUS:
This land is your land, this land is my land
From Bonavista to Vancouver Island
From the Arctic Circle to the Great Lake Waters
This land was made for you and meSANIBEL CHORUS:
This land is your land, this land is my land
From California to Sanibel Island
From the Redwood forest to the Gulf Stream waters
This land was made for you and meAs I was walking that ribbon of highway
I saw above me that endless skyway
I saw below me that golden valley
This land was made for you and meI roamed and rambled and followed my footsteps
O’er the sparkling sands of her diamond deserts
While all around me, a voice was saying
This land was made for you and meWhen the sun came shining and I was strolling
And the wheat fields waving and the dust clouds rolling
As the fog was lifting, a voice was chanting
This land was made for you and meAs I went walking, I saw a sign there
On the sign it said NO TRESPASSING
But on the other side it didn’t say nothing
That side was made for you and me!In the squares of the city, in the shadow of the steeple
In the relief office, I seen my people;
As they stood there hungry I stood there asking,
Is this land made for you and me?Nobody living can ever stop me
As I go walking that freedom highway
Nobody living can make me turn back
This land was made for you and me
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