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A new study finds that the vast majority of the deep sea floor remains undocumented. Nell Greenfieldboyce report…

Bizarre creatures like vampire squid and blobfish make their home in the dark, cold, depths of the deep sea, but most of this watery realm remains a complete mystery.

That’s because humans have seen less than 0.001% of the globe’s deep seafloor, according to a new study.

In fact, the area of the deep seafloor that’s been directly visualized is roughly equivalent to the state of Rhode Island, researchers report in the journal Science Advances.

Maps created with tools like sonar can show the shape of the seafloor, but it’s much harder to send cameras down beyond 200 meters, or more than 656 feet, where sunlight begins to fade rapidly and the waters turn cold and dark. This is the region of the ocean that’s considered “deep.”

“The fact of the matter is, when you’re down there with a remotely operated vehicle or other sort of deep-submergence vehicle, you can only see a very tiny bit of the deep sea floor at any one time,” says Katy Croff Bell of the nonprofit Ocean Discovery League, who led this new research…

… To try to get a better accounting of the total area of the deep seafloor that’s been observed so far, she and her colleagues created a database of all known efforts. They found records of more than 43,000 trips down, starting in 1958, with everything from robotic vehicles to human-driven subs to simple landers that didn’t move around.

It turns out that most of the exploratory expeditions occurred within 200 nautical miles of the United States, Japan, and New Zealand. Those three countries, along with France and Germany, led nearly all of the efforts.

As a result, scientists really haven’t seen a very representative sample of what’s going on around the globe…

… Bell says we don’t know what habitats might yet be discovered — and that even though the deep ocean might be out of sight and out of mind for most people, the currents down there bring oxygen and key nutrients up towards the surface.

“All of these things are connected, and impact us in so many different ways,” she says.

What little has been explored beneath the deep ocean suggests that it can have dramatically different ecosystems that support very different kinds of living things. Already, in the ocean, explorers have seen hot hydrothermal vents, alkaline vents, and cold seeps.

“But given how little we’ve seen and how biased it is, we can’t really give you a global map of all the habitats of the deep sea, because we just haven’t been to all of them,” she says.

Past explorations to the deep have revealed completely unexpected forms of life. For example, in the 1970’s, researchers discovered microbes at hydrothermal vents that did not depend at all on the sun and photosynthesis, and instead got their energy from chemical reactions.

“That was completely revolutionary and completely rewrote all the science books,” she says.

Geologist and deep sea expert Jeffrey Karson of Syracuse University, who wasn’t part of this research team, says this is the first time he’s ever seen a well-documented number that really encapsulates what’s been seen of the deep ocean floor so far.

He would have assumed the area seen by humanity was less than 1% of the total, he says, but was still surprised the faction would be “such a tiny number.”

“We’re spending a lot of money to try to understand other planets, maybe planets outside of our solar system. And yet right here on our own planet, we know so little of what’s going on in this area that covers about two-thirds of our planet,” says Karson. “Almost every time we go there, we learn something new and exciting, and many of our discoveries on the seafloor have been serendipitous. So, you know, we’re feeling our way in the dark, literally, there.”..

We’re asleep to the deep: “Humans still haven’t seen 99.999% of the deep seafloor,” from @ngreenfieldboyce.bsky.social and @npr.org.

* Rachel Carson, The Sea Around Us (1951)

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As we dive deep, we might spare a thought for Robert S. Dietz; he died on this date in 1995. A marine geologist, geophysicist, and oceanographer with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, he developed (in 1961) a theory of seafloor spreading (a term he coined), in which new crustal material continually upwells from the Earth’s depths along the mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward at a rate of several inches per year.

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